In many accidents, we see pilots or drivers being put to blame. As described and treated in the chapter "Risk Management in a Dynamic Society" by Rasmussen and Svedung, the situation is much more complex. It turns out that in complex systems and situations, there are multiple causes of what can go wrong.

As elaborated by Rasmussen and Svedung (starting with Chapter 2 as the common read), CPS have to be seen as sociotechnical systems, with many nested levels of decision-making involved in risk management and regulatory rule-making to risk related processes. In many safety accidents for example, it is known that the social organization was subject to severe pressure in a dynamic, competitive society, causing previously defined procedures to be abandoned or performed inadequately. Low-risk operation depends on proper co-ordination of decision making at all levels. Enjoy your reading of Chapter 2! See also Phil Koopmans interesting blog on the "reality check" on the often claimed accident statistics for cars: http://safeautonomy.blogspot.com/2018/06/a-reality-check-on-94-percent-human.html